Research Task
Neoclassical
Neoclassism first began in the mid-1700s, but during the mid-18th to the end of the 19th century it became increasingly popular all over Europe; it was the Western movement in theatre, literature, music, architecture and visual art that took inspiration from classical art and culture from Ancient Greece and Rome. A neoclassical artist is someone who is familiar with the canon and that takes the traditions and body of classic paintings and uses them as an influence in their own pieces. They are expected to produce high quality pieces of work that can be judged against the canon but are not always classed as failures when they are unable to reach the standards set by such paintings.
In Ancient Greek art around 450 B.C., the main focus was around sculpture and architecture; artisans were paid to build Pericles (The Athenian general), temples and various other public buildings in the city of Athens. One of the most popular buildings produced by Pheidias, Iktinos and Kallikrates during this time was the Parthenon temple, which was a patron to the Goddess Athena. It was built on top of a natural support created from rock, known as Acropolis and work started in the middle of the 5th century B.C. Although the Parthenon was the main attraction of the site, an architect called Mnesikles began to build the Propylaia gateway at the western end of Acropolis and at the end of the century artisans had also began to produce a smaller temple to honour Athena’s role as the goddess of victory.
Temples built in Ancient Greece were used almost as monuments for people to worship outside of as opposed to worshipping inside of them as people often do today. Instead, People would only enter the temples to bring offerings to the statues inside and therefore, the interior of the temples built, were small. The general form of a Greek temple was to have and even appearance with rows of columns that supported a horizontal decorative moulding and a triangle roof. To stop the buildings from looking as though they are sagging, the ancient Greeks would use techniques such as creating pillars that were larger in the middle than the ends as well as horizontals planes with an upward U-shape to them. Sculptors often used the space at the end of the roof, known as the pediment, to create brightly coloured sculpted scenes of events such as the birth of gods or goddesses or noteworthy battles. Some sculptors in Ancient Greece had managed to apply the rules of human anatomy and perspective into their pieces and this is where the classical period of art came into play, where statues of people were made to look almost life-like with realistic facial expressions and a natural feel to their pose.
Most of the knowledge we have about ancient Greek art comes from the clay and stone pots, jars, and vases etc. that managed to survive thousands of years, these classical art pieces that were often offered to gods or goddesses and buried with the dead were typically painted with religious and mythological scenes and became more and more realistic and detailed as the time went on.
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http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greek-art
arth/arth200/politics/parthenon.html
This page last updated August 2015.
http://quatr.us/greeks/religion/myths/penthesileia.htm
The music created in Ancient Greece was not just noise but used rhythms, harmonies, melodies and patterns of sound, often produced by Greek musicians that sung and played the pipes, lyre and various types of tambourine. Greek philosophers at the time (Such as Pythagoras) attempted to learn how music and numbers relate to each other through mathematical patterns. Music was also used during this time to produce Greek plays which explored questions of ethics and frequently contrasted calm reasoning with irrational emotion.
Copyright 2012-2015 Karen Carr, Portland State University.
This page last updated August 2015.
http://quatr.us/greeks/art/greekart.htm
Ancient Rome ruled over a large part of Europe for over 100 years and during this time art flourished and was used to memorialize the deeds and heritage of those that were powerful and wealthy during this time. Much of the Ancient Roman art produced was influenced strongly by the culture and arts of that found in Greece, this was because the Romans took some of the Greek artists back to Rome after conquering them so that they would create sculptures for them. Not only did the Greeks have an influence on their artwork but various other places that they’d encountered and conquered had the same effect too, this includes the Celtics, the Germans, Ancient Egypt and Eastern art.
Most artwork produced in ancient Rome was in the form of sculptures, paintings, busts or mosaics and they used a large range of media throughout their work such as paint, gems, silver and bronze, terracotta and marble. Sculptures in Rome came in one of the following forms: Busts (Sculptures of just a person’s head), Sarcophagi (Sculptures of Tombs) or Reliefs (Sculptures that are a part of a wall) and were often placed in homes and gardens, parks and public buildings. Many of the Roman statues found were copies of Greek statues and in some cases this is how certain Greek statues have survived throughout the years. Wealthy Romans would typically have statues generated of themselves, their ancestors or popular gods, goddesses or other successful people (Like philosophers and Athletes). Sculptures became so popular in this age that sculptors found themselves mass producing sculpted bodies from the neck down that they could then use with different heads for customers. Paintings were also used as decoration for the walls of the wealthy in this age; they were painted directly onto the walls in most houses but over time gradually became ruined, some of the only paintings to survive were those in Pompeii after it was buried from a volcano eruption. Mosaics were a much more sustainable source of artwork to be produced during this era and were common found either pre-made and installed on or applied directly to the walls or floors of a wealthy person’s home in ancient Rome.
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http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/ancient_roman_art.php
Classical artwork produced by the ancient Greeks and Romans was seen as pure and included elements such as nude bodies, balanced proportions, naturalistic forms, smooth lines and elegant drapery which were all techniques that they had perfected over the centuries. These techniques were what artists from the mid-1700s wished to capture, which contrasted with the styles of both Rococo and Baroque. Rococo and Baroque created pieces which showed asymmetry, ornamentation and grace in pastel colours and a haziness whereas the neoclassical movement produced art that was simple and symmetrical and often used sharp colours. One of the notable artists from France that created paintings of the French Revolution was Jacques Louis David, who used the elements mentioned from Ancient Greece and Rome.
Jacques Louis David (French
Revolution)
Copyright © 2010-2015 by Jody Rachel Blomme, ParisCultureGuide.com
http://www.pariscultureguide.com/jacques-louis-david.html
http://www.ronlindeman.com/art.html
Essay by Dr. Jessica Leay Ambler
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/introduction-to-ancient-roman-art
As for Neoclassism found in architecture today, an increasing amount of architectural firms sourced in the United States use classical principles, such as Sammons, Michael Imber, Robertson Parnters and Fairfax. The same applies to British architecture, for instance a large amount of private housing and two university libraries have been built based on the style of Neoclassism (ADAM Architecture’s Sackler Library and Quinlan Terry’s Maitland Robinson Library) over the years.
https://mashrabiyya.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/art-101-what-is-neoclassicism/
MAY 6, 2011 · 21:02
Copyright © 2010-2015 by Jody Rachel Blomme, ParisCultureGuide.com
http://www.pariscultureguide.com/jacques-louis-david.html
http://www.ronlindeman.com/art.html
Essay by Dr. Jessica Leay Ambler
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/introduction-to-ancient-roman-art
As for Neoclassism found in architecture today, an increasing amount of architectural firms sourced in the United States use classical principles, such as Sammons, Michael Imber, Robertson Parnters and Fairfax. The same applies to British architecture, for instance a large amount of private housing and two university libraries have been built based on the style of Neoclassism (ADAM Architecture’s Sackler Library and Quinlan Terry’s Maitland Robinson Library) over the years.
https://mashrabiyya.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/art-101-what-is-neoclassicism/
MAY 6, 2011 · 21:02
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